A Comprehensive Analysis of VIP Peptide

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a compound hormone released by the small intestine in reaction to the presence of food. It is considered to play a role in the homeostatic control of blood glucose concentrations and potentially facilitate the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. VIP has been speculated to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties and modulate immune system functionality. VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis, forming two distinct peptides, VIP1 and VIP2, exhibiting unique physiological potential. Studies suggest that VIP1 may be the primary regulator of blood glucose homeostasis, ensuring optimal blood sugar levels are maintained. Conversely, VIP2 may play a role in facilitating cellular proliferation and facilitating the process of tissue repair.

In addition to its gastrointestinal function, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is believed to exert ancillary neuroprotective properties. Scientific data suggests that it may enhance cognitive function and confer neuroprotective effects against age-related cerebral impairments.

VIP supplementation has been associated with potential properties such as enhanced regulation of blood glucose levels, optimization of gastrointestinal function, and augmentation of cognitive synapses. Nevertheless, further scientific investigation is required to validate these speculated effects.

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), or VPAC1, is a neuropeptide with great physiological potential. Findings purport that Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) may exhibit structural homology with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide are the sole known representatives of the secretin hormone family discovered in invertebrate organisms thus far. Investigations purport that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) may exhibit a broad distribution across various anatomical regions, with particularly elevated levels observed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pancreas, and uterus. Within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is released by enterochromaffin cells due to diverse stimuli, such as the presence of food, exposure to stress, and inflammation. 

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is implied to be crucial in regulating blood glucose levels and facilitating cellular proliferation and restoration within the gastrointestinal tract. VIP has been speculated to possess neuroprotective potential and is hypothesized to enhance cognitive function while providing defense against cognitive decline associated with aging.




The Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 1 (VIPR1)

The protein called Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 1 (VIPR1) is the product of the VIPR1 gene. VIPR1 is the primary mediator of the binding and subsequent activation of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) forms a complex with VIP receptor 1 (VIPR1) and may initiate receptor activation, triggering distinct downstream consequences. The expression of VIPR1 is suggested in various tissues, including the brain, gastrointestinal tract, and immune cells.

The activation of VIPR1 has been speculated to elicit various impacts, which may encompass:

  • Potential homeostatic control of blood glucose concentrations
  • Potential facilitation of cellular proliferation and regeneration
  • Potential anti-inflammatory properties
  • Potential neuroprotection




VIP Peptide and Alzheimer's Research

VIPR1 has probatively studied within the context of various medical conditions, such as diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative illness characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, including memory loss, decline in cognitive function, and mortality. VIP has been suggested to exhibit neuroprotective potential and has been speculated to enhance cognitive processing in animal models of Alzheimer's disease.

VIP presentations have reportedly lead to a significant reduction in amyloid-beta deposition, possibl enhancement of cognitive processes such as learning and memory, and preservation of neuronal viability, as discussed in certain animal research study findings.




VIP Peptide and Cancer

Cancer is a complex and multifaceted disease characterized by uncontrolled growth and cell spread. VIP has been suggested by researchers to potentially induce anti-carcinogenic properties across various cancer types, encompassing ovarian, pancreatic, and breast malignancies.

The presentation of VIP supplementation has been speculated to possibly impede the progression of tumors, facilitate the process of apoptosis (cell death), and potentially diminish the proliferation of malignant cells.

The suggested impacts imply that the activation of VIPR1 might serve to mitigate cancer cell proliferation and growth.




VIP Peptide and Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that induces hyperglycemia, an elevated glucose concentration in the bloodstream. The presentation of VIP has been suggested to enhance insulin sensitivity and decrease blood glucose levels in animal models of diabetes. The suggested effects imply that the activation of VIPR1 may prove fruitful within the context of further diabetes research.

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) and VIPR1 (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 1) are considered to be strong elements in various physiological processes. The efficacy of VIP has been suggested in promoting favorable action in blood glucose regulation, gastrointestinal functioning, cognitive processing, and immune response. Additional investigation is required to validate the impacts of VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) and VIPR1 (vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1) discussed here.

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References

[i] Said SI. Candidate hormones of the gut. V. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Gastroenterology. 1974 Oct;67(4):735-7. PMID: 4606296.

[ii] Lundberg P, Lundgren I, Mukohyama H, Lehenkari PP, Horton MA, Lerner UH. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor subtypes in mouse calvarial osteoblasts: presence of VIP-2 receptors and differentiation-induced expression of VIP-1 receptors. Endocrinology. 2001 Jan;142(1):339-47. doi: 10.1210/endo.142.1.7912. PMID: 11145597.

[iii] Gozes I, Brenneman DE. VIP: molecular biology and neurobiological function. Mol Neurobiol. 1989 Winter;3(4):201-36. doi: 10.1007/BF02740606. PMID: 2698176.

[iv] Tatemoto K. PHI--a new brain-gut peptide. Peptides. 1984 Mar-Apr;5(2):151-4. doi: 10.1016/0196-9781(84)90198-0. PMID: 6548019.

[v] Dogrukol-Ak D, Tore F, Tuncel N. Passage of VIP/PACAP/secretin family across the blood-brain barrier: therapeutic effects. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10(12):1325-40. doi: 10.2174/1381612043384934. PMID: 15134484.